Sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate, sometimes written as sodium lauryl sulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH₃(CH2) ₁₁SO₄Na. It is also known as or Snow-White Texapon.

This anionic surfactant is used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This molecule is an organosulfur and a salt.

Sodium laureth sulfate, an accepted contraction of sodium lauryl ether sulfate, is an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products. SLES is a cheap and very effective foaming agent.

This composition is in solid form and has a relatively high melting point, which is used to create the desired state of an intermediate paste composition. It is easily consumed in cold processes and creates a shell-like state. Snow -White Texapon is a mixture of Texapon and EGMS/EGDS. In fact, it is the main agent of shelling. This Texapon is responsible for spreading and unfirming the oyster particles. The shape and size of oyster particles have an effect on their stability.

Technical specification table Snow-White Texapon

Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate in Snow-White Texapon

• Sodium dodecyl sulfate, molecular biology grade (SDS), is a detergent known to denature proteins.
• This material is used in non-induction polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine protein molecular weight.
• It appears as a food additive or its synonym sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), this compound is a safe substance known for food use. It is used as an emulsifier.
• In the production of detergent liquids that have a special shine in their shape, such as liquid soap, shampoos, laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and toothpaste.

Paraffin Wax (Petroleum Wax) is a soft colorless solid substance derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil, which consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

What is solid paraffin?

In fact, paraffin found in solid form is called paraffin wax, petroleum wax or solid paraffin. This substance is a white or colorless soft wax, which is extracted from oil, coal or oil rocks and is composed of saturated hydrocarbon molecules between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

It is solid at room temperature and starts to melt above 37°C (99°F). Its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F). Solid paraffin is colorless, tasteless and odorless. Paraffin has a low melting point. The color of paraffin wax varies depending on the amount of oil and its transparency. Paraffin wax was first produced by Karl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830.

This material is also called paraffin candle. Paraffin candles are odorless, white, and bluish. Paraffin wax is mostly in the form of a white, odorless, and tasteless waxy solid substance that has a normal melting point between 46 and 68 degrees Celsius and a density of about 900 kg/m3. The freezing point of solid paraffin is in the temperature range between 50 and 55 degrees Celsius. In fact, for this reason, most of this substance exists in solid form. Solid paraffin does not dissolve in water. But it is soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Solid paraffin is not affected by most common chemicals but bus easily. Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg. Solid paraffin often contains 3 to 5% oil, which is usually milky white in color and has a gel state.

What is paraffin wax?

Solid paraffin that has high quality and low oil percentage and is white in color and odorless and tasteless is called paraffin wax.

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Paraffin Wax

2-Ethylhexanol is a flammable liquid, which in contact with a strong oxidizer may cause a fire. The appearance of this compound is a clear, colorless liquid from the alcohol family, which is almost insoluble in water but dissolves well in most aqueous solvents.

What is 2-Ethylhexanol?

It is a branched, eight-carbon chiral alcohol, which is widely used in many applications such as solvents, flavorings, and aromatics, and especially as a precursor in the production of other chemicals such as emollients. This substance is insoluble in water and has a lower density than water. Although isooctanol (and the derivative isoxyl prefix) is commonly used in industry to refer to 2-ethylhexanol and its derivatives, IUPAC nomenclature conventions dictate that this name properly refers to another isomer of octanol, 6-methyl heptane- 1- Apply first.

Table of technical specifications of 2-Ethylhexanol

2-Ethylhexanol production method

2-Ethylhexanol is industrially produced by condensation of aldol n-butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way every year.

Cetostearyl Alcohol, stearyl alcohol, or cetylstearyl alcohol, is a mixture of fatty alcohols, consisting mostly of acetyl (16°C) and stearyl (18°C) alcohols, and is classified as a fatty alcohol.

The source of cetostearyl alcohol is natural products such as vegetables and synthetic chemical compounds. This material is used as an emulsion stabilizer, matting agent and surfactant, foam enhancer, and also as an aqueous and non-aqueous viscosity-increasing agent.

This fatty alcohol contains 10-35% cetyl alcohol and 65-90% stearyl alcohol as well as some long or short-chain alcohols. This compound is insoluble in water, but it is soluble in polar solvents, alcohol, and petroleum substances, and it is incompatible with strong oxidizers and metal salts.

Table of technical specifications of cetostearyl alcohol

Production of cetostearyl alcohol

Alcohol is a kind of waxy substance and it is naturally obtained from palm oil or coconut oil, but it is also produced synthetically in the laboratory. cetostearyl alcohol is also known by different names such as C16-18 alcohol.

Liquid Paraffin Wax is a milky liquid composition and is used for washing powder, synthetic detergents, synthetic petroleum proteins, emulsifier pesticides, etc. In the liquid paraffin industry, it is considered a subcategory of lubricants, because it is a type of liquid oil. In fact, this chemical is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons.

What is liquid paraffin?

Refined and very pure paraffin is called liquid paraffin or white oil or kerosene. This material is white or transparent in appearance. The boiling point of this substance is 175 degrees Celsius and its evaporation point is 265 degrees Celsius.

Sanitary paraffin, which is used in pharmaceuticals to make ointments and creams, is also called pharmaceutical-grade liquid paraffin. This paraffin is a very pure mineral oil that is used in the production of various cosmetics and also for medical purposes.

Production of liquid paraffin

Liquid paraffin is obtained from the distillation of petroleum derivatives. This material is sold in two forms: colorless oily liquid or white oily liquid.

Butyl glycol is known as BG, 2-butoxyethanol, glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. It is a glycol ether with moderate surfactant properties, which can be used as a solvent. In fact, butyl glycol is a natural alcohol that is extracted from petroleum. This compound is a colorless, water-soluble liquid that has a sweet, ether-like odor because it comes from the glycol ether family, and is an ether butyrate of ethylene glycol.

What is 2-butoxyethanol?

Since their use in the 1930s, glycol ethers are solvents that dissolve both water-soluble and hydrophobic materials. Glycol ethers consist of two components, alcohol, and ether. According to the nature of alcohol, molecules of this class can be divided into two groups: E series and P series, which correspond to ethylene and propylene, respectively. Glycol ethers are chosen for specific purposes such as solubility, flammability, and volatility.

2-Butoxyethanol is miscible in water and dissolves in most organic solvents. This substance is known as a relatively non-volatile and inexpensive solvent. Also, due to its properties as a surfactant, it is used in many household and industrial products.

In sensitive individuals, 2-butoxyethanol may be irritating to the skin, eyes, or nasal passages, but it is the least irritating of the glycols. In fact, this glycol is not associated with any specific organ toxicity and, unlike ethylene glycol, is not considered carcinogenic.

Table of technical specifications of 2-butoxyethanol

Abraham Gessner, a Canadian geologist, first distilled kerosene from coal in 1846. Kerosene, also called paraffin or paraffin oil, is a flammable and clear liquid that is distilled from oil. It is a mixture of different hydrocarbons and is less volatile than gasoline.

Paraffin oil is not the same as liquid paraffin. Paraffin oil is a yellow or clear colorless liquid, often known as mineral oil. This substance is colorless and odorless and is obtained from the distillation of crude oil. Paraffin oil is divided into two types, light and general, which have a low viscosity ratio of light mineral oil. Paraffin oil does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental protection. This product is marketed in pharmaceutical or health, food or edible and industrial grades and has various uses. Industrial-grade paraffin oil does not pollute the environment.

This product is marketed in the pharmaceutical, food, rubber, and plastic industries, cosmetics, and health industries and has various applications. Paraffin oil does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental protection. It does not pollute the environment in industrial applications.

What is Paraffin?

Paraffin is a saturated hydrocarbon compound in which all carbon atoms are connected to each other with simple bonds and other bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms.  Kinds of paraffin or paraffinic hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. This material are the main components of natural gas and oil. Paraffin has the chemical formula CnH2n+2, where the letter C is a carbon atom, H is a hydrogen atom, and n is an integer. Paraffin is obtained from petroleum derivatives. This petroleum composition exists in two forms, liquid and solid.

The cost of producing paraffin was high, but when new sources of paraffin and cheaper methods of refining were discovered, the price of the fuel changed dramatically and came down. Paraffin retains a lot of heat.

Types of Paraffin

• liquid paraffin
• Solid paraffin

History of Paraffin

Paraffin wax was first discovered in 1830 by Carl von Reichenbach, a German chemist. He tried to produce a device that can be used to separate and purify the waxy substances that are naturally present in oil.

o-Xylene (Ortho-Xylene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C6H4 (CH3) 2, which is mainly extracted from crude oil. Ortho-Xylene is the same xylene with methyl groups in its 1 and 2 positions. Xylene is a colorless and flammable liquid with a sweet smell that exists in the form of 3 isomers of Meta, Ortho, and Para-Xylene. o-Xylene is the second functional isomer of xylene used to make PVC plastic. Industrial xylene is not only used as a solvent and additive in the rubber and coatings industry, but also as an additive in aviation fuel.

The Ortho, Meta, and Para-Xylene isomers isolated from this compound are phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalate acid, respectively. Phthalic acid and terephthalic acid are used in the production of plastics, polyester resins, and polyester fibers.

Petroleum contains about 1% xylene, and most Ortho-Xylene is produced by petroleum cracking. The net production of this material in 2019 was about 500,000 tons.

o-Xylene is originally produced from coal, but currently, most of its domestic and foreign production is mainly done through modified catalytic extraction of oil and the thermal cracking of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applications of o-Xylene

o-Xylene is the second commercial isomer of xylene, and almost all of it is used in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride (PA), which has three main uses, including the use in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, the production of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). and making alkyl resins that are used for surface coatings.

Ortho-Xylene in industrial xylene has a difference of more than 5.2 degrees Celsius from other isomers, and this substance can be obtained with a purity of 95% by careful distillation. Its further processing using sulfonation and distillation for purification can give us a substance with greater purity.

This compound is an inexpensive raw material for the production of phthalic anhydride, which has a high yield potential and is used as a precursor to many products, drugs, and other chemicals.

This compound is mainly used as a chemical raw material and solvent, and it can be used to produce dyes, pesticides, drugs, vitamins, and as chromatography standards.

o-Xylene is the raw material for the production of pheniramine microbicide, tetrachlorophenyl peptide, and benzofuran methyl herbicide. This material is used as an intermediate for the production of O-methyl benzoic acid.

Perchlorine or calcium hypochlorite is a white substance with disinfection properties that is used to disinfect water, vegetables, fruits, dishes, bathrooms, toilets, and contaminated places. The purity percentage or degree of purity of chlorine powder is 60-70%.

Perchlorine is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, −ClO. The name of Ayupak is calcium hypochlorite. This material is sold in powder form in 45 kg gallon packages. Chlorine white powder has 33.5% to 39% chlorine, and calcium hypochlorite granules or powdered chlorine has 65 to 70% chlorine by weight.

What is calcium hypochlorite?

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca(OCl)2. This material is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, chlorine powder, or chlorine lime, which is used for water purification and as a bleaching agent. This compound is relatively stable and has more available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). Its appearance is a white solid. Due to its slow decomposition in humid air, it smells strongly of chlorine.

In chemistry, hypochlorite is the anion with the chemical formula ClO2. It combines with several cations to form hypochlorites, which may also be considered salts of hypochlorous acid. Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (a dishwashing liquid or household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (except bleaching powder, swimming pool “chlorine”).

Peracetic acid, also called peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CO3H. This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a distinct pungent smell like vinegar, which is reminiscent of acetic acid and can be very corrosive. This material is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid and its pKa is 8.2. Peracetic acid (C2H4O3) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water.

Table of technical specifications of peroxyacetic acid

The production method of peracetic acid

Peracetic acid is produced industrially by the oxidation of acetaldehyde:

O₂ + CH₃CHO → CH₃CO₃H

This substance forms a strong acid when treating acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst:

H₂O₂ + CH₃CO₂H ⇌ CH₃CO₃H + H₂O

As another option, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to produce an acid solution with lower water content. This material is produced by the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid:

Acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide → peracetic acid

Peracetic acid can also be produced by the oxidation of acetaldehyde. This material is usually produced in concentrations of 15%.

When peracetic acid dissolves in water, it decomposes into hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, which, as the water breaks down, oxygen and carbon dioxide lost. The degradation products of peracetic acid are non-toxic and can be easily dissolved in water. This material is a very strong oxidant that overestimates the oxidation potential of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.

Peracetic acid is also produced by some laundry detergents. This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine in the presence of an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. This material is an effective and stronger bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself. (PAA) also occurs naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidizing radicals.

This material is always sold as a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in a solution, to maintain its stability. The concentration of acid as an active ingredient can be different.