Sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate, sometimes written as sodium lauryl sulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH₃(CH2) ₁₁SO₄Na. It is also known as or Snow-White Texapon.

This anionic surfactant is used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This molecule is an organosulfur and a salt.

Sodium laureth sulfate, an accepted contraction of sodium lauryl ether sulfate, is an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products. SLES is a cheap and very effective foaming agent.

This composition is in solid form and has a relatively high melting point, which is used to create the desired state of an intermediate paste composition. It is easily consumed in cold processes and creates a shell-like state. Snow -White Texapon is a mixture of Texapon and EGMS/EGDS. In fact, it is the main agent of shelling. This Texapon is responsible for spreading and unfirming the oyster particles. The shape and size of oyster particles have an effect on their stability.

Technical specification table Snow-White Texapon

Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate in Snow-White Texapon

• Sodium dodecyl sulfate, molecular biology grade (SDS), is a detergent known to denature proteins.
• This material is used in non-induction polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine protein molecular weight.
• It appears as a food additive or its synonym sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), this compound is a safe substance known for food use. It is used as an emulsifier.
• In the production of detergent liquids that have a special shine in their shape, such as liquid soap, shampoos, laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and toothpaste.

Paraffin Wax (Petroleum Wax) is a soft colorless solid substance derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil, which consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

What is solid paraffin?

In fact, paraffin found in solid form is called paraffin wax, petroleum wax or solid paraffin. This substance is a white or colorless soft wax, which is extracted from oil, coal or oil rocks and is composed of saturated hydrocarbon molecules between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

It is solid at room temperature and starts to melt above 37°C (99°F). Its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F). Solid paraffin is colorless, tasteless and odorless. Paraffin has a low melting point. The color of paraffin wax varies depending on the amount of oil and its transparency. Paraffin wax was first produced by Karl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830.

This material is also called paraffin candle. Paraffin candles are odorless, white, and bluish. Paraffin wax is mostly in the form of a white, odorless, and tasteless waxy solid substance that has a normal melting point between 46 and 68 degrees Celsius and a density of about 900 kg/m3. The freezing point of solid paraffin is in the temperature range between 50 and 55 degrees Celsius. In fact, for this reason, most of this substance exists in solid form. Solid paraffin does not dissolve in water. But it is soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Solid paraffin is not affected by most common chemicals but bus easily. Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg. Solid paraffin often contains 3 to 5% oil, which is usually milky white in color and has a gel state.

What is paraffin wax?

Solid paraffin that has high quality and low oil percentage and is white in color and odorless and tasteless is called paraffin wax.

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Paraffin Wax

2-Ethylhexanol is a flammable liquid, which in contact with a strong oxidizer may cause a fire. The appearance of this compound is a clear, colorless liquid from the alcohol family, which is almost insoluble in water but dissolves well in most aqueous solvents.

What is 2-Ethylhexanol?

It is a branched, eight-carbon chiral alcohol, which is widely used in many applications such as solvents, flavorings, and aromatics, and especially as a precursor in the production of other chemicals such as emollients. This substance is insoluble in water and has a lower density than water. Although isooctanol (and the derivative isoxyl prefix) is commonly used in industry to refer to 2-ethylhexanol and its derivatives, IUPAC nomenclature conventions dictate that this name properly refers to another isomer of octanol, 6-methyl heptane- 1- Apply first.

Table of technical specifications of 2-Ethylhexanol

2-Ethylhexanol production method

2-Ethylhexanol is industrially produced by condensation of aldol n-butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way every year.

Cetostearyl Alcohol, stearyl alcohol, or cetylstearyl alcohol, is a mixture of fatty alcohols, consisting mostly of acetyl (16°C) and stearyl (18°C) alcohols, and is classified as a fatty alcohol.

The source of cetostearyl alcohol is natural products such as vegetables and synthetic chemical compounds. This material is used as an emulsion stabilizer, matting agent and surfactant, foam enhancer, and also as an aqueous and non-aqueous viscosity-increasing agent.

This fatty alcohol contains 10-35% cetyl alcohol and 65-90% stearyl alcohol as well as some long or short-chain alcohols. This compound is insoluble in water, but it is soluble in polar solvents, alcohol, and petroleum substances, and it is incompatible with strong oxidizers and metal salts.

Table of technical specifications of cetostearyl alcohol

Production of cetostearyl alcohol

Alcohol is a kind of waxy substance and it is naturally obtained from palm oil or coconut oil, but it is also produced synthetically in the laboratory. cetostearyl alcohol is also known by different names such as C16-18 alcohol.

Liquid Paraffin Wax is a milky liquid composition and is used for washing powder, synthetic detergents, synthetic petroleum proteins, emulsifier pesticides, etc. In the liquid paraffin industry, it is considered a subcategory of lubricants, because it is a type of liquid oil. In fact, this chemical is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons.

What is liquid paraffin?

Refined and very pure paraffin is called liquid paraffin or white oil or kerosene. This material is white or transparent in appearance. The boiling point of this substance is 175 degrees Celsius and its evaporation point is 265 degrees Celsius.

Sanitary paraffin, which is used in pharmaceuticals to make ointments and creams, is also called pharmaceutical-grade liquid paraffin. This paraffin is a very pure mineral oil that is used in the production of various cosmetics and also for medical purposes.

Production of liquid paraffin

Liquid paraffin is obtained from the distillation of petroleum derivatives. This material is sold in two forms: colorless oily liquid or white oily liquid.

Butyl glycol is known as BG, 2-butoxyethanol, glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. It is a glycol ether with moderate surfactant properties, which can be used as a solvent. In fact, butyl glycol is a natural alcohol that is extracted from petroleum. This compound is a colorless, water-soluble liquid that has a sweet, ether-like odor because it comes from the glycol ether family, and is an ether butyrate of ethylene glycol.

What is 2-butoxyethanol?

Since their use in the 1930s, glycol ethers are solvents that dissolve both water-soluble and hydrophobic materials. Glycol ethers consist of two components, alcohol, and ether. According to the nature of alcohol, molecules of this class can be divided into two groups: E series and P series, which correspond to ethylene and propylene, respectively. Glycol ethers are chosen for specific purposes such as solubility, flammability, and volatility.

2-Butoxyethanol is miscible in water and dissolves in most organic solvents. This substance is known as a relatively non-volatile and inexpensive solvent. Also, due to its properties as a surfactant, it is used in many household and industrial products.

In sensitive individuals, 2-butoxyethanol may be irritating to the skin, eyes, or nasal passages, but it is the least irritating of the glycols. In fact, this glycol is not associated with any specific organ toxicity and, unlike ethylene glycol, is not considered carcinogenic.

Table of technical specifications of 2-butoxyethanol

Abraham Gessner, a Canadian geologist, first distilled kerosene from coal in 1846. Kerosene, also called paraffin or paraffin oil, is a flammable and clear liquid that is distilled from oil. It is a mixture of different hydrocarbons and is less volatile than gasoline.

Paraffin oil is not the same as liquid paraffin. Paraffin oil is a yellow or clear colorless liquid, often known as mineral oil. This substance is colorless and odorless and is obtained from the distillation of crude oil. Paraffin oil is divided into two types, light and general, which have a low viscosity ratio of light mineral oil. Paraffin oil does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental protection. This product is marketed in pharmaceutical or health, food or edible and industrial grades and has various uses. Industrial-grade paraffin oil does not pollute the environment.

This product is marketed in the pharmaceutical, food, rubber, and plastic industries, cosmetics, and health industries and has various applications. Paraffin oil does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental protection. It does not pollute the environment in industrial applications.

What is Paraffin?

Paraffin is a saturated hydrocarbon compound in which all carbon atoms are connected to each other with simple bonds and other bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms.  Kinds of paraffin or paraffinic hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. This material are the main components of natural gas and oil. Paraffin has the chemical formula CnH2n+2, where the letter C is a carbon atom, H is a hydrogen atom, and n is an integer. Paraffin is obtained from petroleum derivatives. This petroleum composition exists in two forms, liquid and solid.

The cost of producing paraffin was high, but when new sources of paraffin and cheaper methods of refining were discovered, the price of the fuel changed dramatically and came down. Paraffin retains a lot of heat.

Types of Paraffin

• liquid paraffin
• Solid paraffin

History of Paraffin

Paraffin wax was first discovered in 1830 by Carl von Reichenbach, a German chemist. He tried to produce a device that can be used to separate and purify the waxy substances that are naturally present in oil.

o-Xylene (Ortho-Xylene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C6H4 (CH3) 2, which is mainly extracted from crude oil. Ortho-Xylene is the same xylene with methyl groups in its 1 and 2 positions. Xylene is a colorless and flammable liquid with a sweet smell that exists in the form of 3 isomers of Meta, Ortho, and Para-Xylene. o-Xylene is the second functional isomer of xylene used to make PVC plastic. Industrial xylene is not only used as a solvent and additive in the rubber and coatings industry, but also as an additive in aviation fuel.

The Ortho, Meta, and Para-Xylene isomers isolated from this compound are phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalate acid, respectively. Phthalic acid and terephthalic acid are used in the production of plastics, polyester resins, and polyester fibers.

Petroleum contains about 1% xylene, and most Ortho-Xylene is produced by petroleum cracking. The net production of this material in 2019 was about 500,000 tons.

o-Xylene is originally produced from coal, but currently, most of its domestic and foreign production is mainly done through modified catalytic extraction of oil and the thermal cracking of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applications of o-Xylene

o-Xylene is the second commercial isomer of xylene, and almost all of it is used in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride (PA), which has three main uses, including the use in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, the production of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). and making alkyl resins that are used for surface coatings.

Ortho-Xylene in industrial xylene has a difference of more than 5.2 degrees Celsius from other isomers, and this substance can be obtained with a purity of 95% by careful distillation. Its further processing using sulfonation and distillation for purification can give us a substance with greater purity.

This compound is an inexpensive raw material for the production of phthalic anhydride, which has a high yield potential and is used as a precursor to many products, drugs, and other chemicals.

This compound is mainly used as a chemical raw material and solvent, and it can be used to produce dyes, pesticides, drugs, vitamins, and as chromatography standards.

o-Xylene is the raw material for the production of pheniramine microbicide, tetrachlorophenyl peptide, and benzofuran methyl herbicide. This material is used as an intermediate for the production of O-methyl benzoic acid.

Perchlorine or calcium hypochlorite is a white substance with disinfection properties that is used to disinfect water, vegetables, fruits, dishes, bathrooms, toilets, and contaminated places. The purity percentage or degree of purity of chlorine powder is 60-70%.

Perchlorine is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, −ClO. The name of Ayupak is calcium hypochlorite. This material is sold in powder form in 45 kg gallon packages. Chlorine white powder has 33.5% to 39% chlorine, and calcium hypochlorite granules or powdered chlorine has 65 to 70% chlorine by weight.

What is calcium hypochlorite?

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca(OCl)2. This material is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, chlorine powder, or chlorine lime, which is used for water purification and as a bleaching agent. This compound is relatively stable and has more available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). Its appearance is a white solid. Due to its slow decomposition in humid air, it smells strongly of chlorine.

In chemistry, hypochlorite is the anion with the chemical formula ClO2. It combines with several cations to form hypochlorites, which may also be considered salts of hypochlorous acid. Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (a dishwashing liquid or household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (except bleaching powder, swimming pool “chlorine”).

Peracetic acid, also called peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CO3H. This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a distinct pungent smell like vinegar, which is reminiscent of acetic acid and can be very corrosive. This material is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid and its pKa is 8.2. Peracetic acid (C2H4O3) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water.

Table of technical specifications of peroxyacetic acid

The production method of peracetic acid

Peracetic acid is produced industrially by the oxidation of acetaldehyde:

O₂ + CH₃CHO → CH₃CO₃H

This substance forms a strong acid when treating acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst:

H₂O₂ + CH₃CO₂H ⇌ CH₃CO₃H + H₂O

As another option, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to produce an acid solution with lower water content. This material is produced by the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid:

Acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide → peracetic acid

Peracetic acid can also be produced by the oxidation of acetaldehyde. This material is usually produced in concentrations of 15%.

When peracetic acid dissolves in water, it decomposes into hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, which, as the water breaks down, oxygen and carbon dioxide lost. The degradation products of peracetic acid are non-toxic and can be easily dissolved in water. This material is a very strong oxidant that overestimates the oxidation potential of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.

Peracetic acid is also produced by some laundry detergents. This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine in the presence of an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. This material is an effective and stronger bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself. (PAA) also occurs naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidizing radicals.

This material is always sold as a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in a solution, to maintain its stability. The concentration of acid as an active ingredient can be different.

Xylene is a colorless, volatile, sweet-smelling, flammable liquid that is insoluble in water and remains on its surface when mixed with water. Xylene consists of two methyl groups attached to the six-carbon ring of benzene, therefore it is also called dimethylbenzene.

Xylene is a term used for the mixture of three isomers of xylene, i.e. Ortho-Xylene, Meta-Xylene, and Para-Xylene we have explained each one specifically in other articles.

This material is mainly used as a solvent and is used in the printing, rubber, and leather industries and can replace toluene in places where slower drying is required. This chemical is primarily a synthetic chemical. However, it occurs naturally in oil, and coal, and is produced during forest fires.

Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent in industry and medical technology. The chemical formula of this compound is C6 H4 (CH 3) 2. This compound is found in small amounts in jet fuel, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Features of xylene

The chemical and physical properties of xylene are different according to the respective isomers. The melting point of this compound varies from -47.87°C (m-Xylene) to 13.26°C (p-Xylene). Typically, the melting point of the para isomer is much higher because it easily fits into the crystal structure. The boiling point of each isomer is around 140°C (284°F).

The density of each isomer is about 0.87 g/ml, and as a result, it has a lower density than water. This chemical in the air can be identified by the smell in concentrations from 0.08 to 3.7 ppm, and in water with a concentration of 0.53 to 1.8 ppm, its sweet taste can be recognized.

Specific applications of xylene

Xylene, often called xylol, is a powerful chemical solvent. This substance is derived from petroleum and therefore has certain advantages over other similar products.

It may seem odd, but solvents are chemical composites that are molecularly similar to the substances they are designed to dissolve. Since xylene is made from petroleum, it is especially good at removing paints, wood stains, and other synthetic products without damaging surfaces. It also acts as a solvent with compounds used on metals to prevent rust. Other materials that xylene will dissolve include a variety of adhesives and putty, as well as grease, glazes, resins, and waterproofing materials.

Texapon N70 is a sodium laureate sulfate commonly used in medium to high viscosity clear pearlescent products and detergent products. Texapon is a highly active ether sulfate produced from a medium fatty alcohol containing an average of 2 moles of ethylene oxide with maximum control of unwanted byproducts, including odor-causing products.

What is Texapon N70?

Texapon N70 is a highly concentrated sodium lauryl ether sulfate derived from natural fatty alcohols. Texapon is particularly suitable for highly concentrated end products or when raw materials with a lower water content are required due to the high leaching content of the active ingredient. In this way, the viscosity of diluted texapon solutions with approximately 5 to 28% washing active ingredient can be easily increased to the desired amount. Its other anions include sodium laurate sulfate and sodium myrate sulfate.

SLES or Texapon N70 acts as a foaming, cleansing and moisturizing agent. Most detergent products contain 30-70% SLES. Texapon N70 is a paste that has a high viscosity and its appearance is transparent. Because this product contains salt, after diluting it, the viscosity decreases. By increasing NaCl and alkanol amides, the viscosity of this compound can be controlled. N70 type of this product is the highest concentration of SLES produced in the ethoxylation process of dodecyl alcohol.

Texapon N70 technical specification table

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Texapon N70 - Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES)

This substance is a strong acid known by names such as sulfamidic acid, amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid. Sulfamic acid has the ability to form sulfamate salt. In terms of appearance, it is a crystalline white powder with fine and shiny particles and has the chemical formula (H3NSO3). This substance is completely soluble in water. The melting point of sulfamic acid is 205 degrees Celsius.

This material is an almost strong acid with a molecular weight of 97.10 g/mol. This material is non-toxic, non-volatile and odorless and is not considered as a dangerous compound. It actually looks like wet snow.

Sulfamic acid technical specification table

Structure of sulfamic acid

In terms of chemical structure, sulfamic acid is an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid and sulfamide. Sulfamate compounds are also derivatives of this material. This acid is one of the simplest sulfamic acids, which consists of a single sulfur atom. This sulfur is connected to two oxygen atoms by covalent bonds with hydroxide and amino groups and by double bonds.

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Sulfamic acid

Paraxylene is a clear liquid with a sweet smell that has irritating vapors. The density of this substance is less than water and it is insoluble in water. Paraxylene is used to make plastic bottles and polyester fibers.

Paraxylene or para-xylene or p-xylene, abbreviated as PX, is an aromatic hydrocarbon derived from benzene. Paraxylene is toxic and flammable at room temperature. This substance is naturally present in gasoline and coal.

This compound has the largest volume of xylene isomers and 98% of it is used in polyester production, especially for the production of fibers, film, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Currently, the paraxylene supply market is witnessing significant growth with the increase in the consumption of pure acid terephthalate (PTA).

The paraxylene market has experienced strong growth with the increase in the use of PTA in the manufacture of polyester. Demand for DMT is slowly declining as polyester producers prefer the economical PTA route, although demand for DMT is increasing in the production of engineering polymers such as polybutylene terephthalate.

In Asia, most of the growth in polyester is related to fiber, which accounts for almost two-thirds of global demand. This fabric is used to make clothes and household items such as bedspreads, curtains, and fabrics.

However, this decline has been offset by strong growth in the PET bottle resin market, which now accounts for more than 30% of global polyester demand. This growth is mainly due to the replacement of glass in soft drinks and mineral water bottles. PET has also found applications in additional markets such as sports drinks, fruit juices, and food products such as oils, sauces, and dressings.

Paraxylene applications

Paraxylene is used as a raw material for the production of other industrial chemicals, especially terephthalic acid (TPA), pure terephthalic acid (PTA), and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). TPA, PTA, and DMT to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyesters. Bottles made of PET plastic are widely used as containers for water, soft drinks, and other beverages. Because PET is lightweight, shatter-resistant, and strong. In addition, PET helps retain gas in carbonated beverages. Because it has strong carbon dioxide-blocking properties.

Other uses of PET include:

• containers for cosmetics,
• Other cosmetics consumables,
• curtain fabrics,
• cover and clothing,
• film for x-rays,
• magnetic tape,
• Photographic film and electrical insulation,
• and packaging for welding bags,
• processed meats,
• Small films.

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Paraxylene

Texapon is a white or yellow semi-transparent paste with a mild odor, which is sodium lauryl ether sulfate. It has good foaming properties, but the foam is light and not creamy. It is part of cosmetic and medicinal raw materials. This product is supplied in 110-200 kg barrels and exported in bulk.

What is Texapon?

Texapon is used in detergents to create foam and bubbles. Texapon acts as a basic surfactant and easily thickens with salt. This stable compound is derived from natural fatty alcohols that have a high molecular weight and waxy content.

In fact, in general, there are four types of anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, where Texapon is an anionic surfactant with excellent performance and no color. Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) has excellent detergent, emulsification and plasticity properties. Texapon, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES N70) is a colorless or light yellow viscous paste liquid that is odorless and easily soluble in water.

The content of Texapon is very low in salt and it has a very low viscosity when it is watery or diluted with water to the concentration of normal use. But we can adjust the viscosity by adding sodium chloride and appropriate alkanol amides. This product is marketed with two concentrations of 30 and 70%.

Texapon technical specification table

For each ethylene oxide group received, the amount of 44.05 g/mol is added to the molecular weight of Texapon. Therefore, for the sodium lauryl ether sulfate molecule that has 3 ethylene oxide groups, the molecular mass is calculated as 420.54 g/mol.

Properties of Texapon

Texapon has excellent inhibition, emulsification and plasticity. This chemical substance dissolves easily in water. It is also resistant to hard water and high biological decomposition.

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Texapon

Polypropylene, abbreviated as PP, is a thermoplastic composite polymer made from a combination of propylene monomers.

This product has different types and depending on its application, it is produced in different grades such as raffia, medical, etc. In the following text, the necessary information for the preparation of the product, as well as additional information about the production method, types, different applications, etc., are mentioned.

What is polypropylene?

Polypropylene is the second most widely used thermoplastic from the polyolefin family. PP is a versatile material that integrates properties such as lightness, strength, high heat resistance, rigidity, and flexibility. Polypropylene is molecularly a linear hydrocarbon resin whose chemical formula is C3H6.

Production and polymerization methods

Polypropylene is generally produced from propylene using the Ziegler-Natta polymerization method or metallocene catalysis. Polypropylene production starts from crude oil, where the crude oil is distilled and the naphtha cut is separated from it. Then naphtha is subjected to a cracking process, this process happens when naphtha is used as feed in petrochemical steam crackers.

Oleic Acid is a fatty acid that is naturally present in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. This acid is an odorless and colorless oil, but commercial samples are yellowish or brown.

What is oleic acid?

Chemically, oleic acid is classified as an unsaturated fatty acid. The name oleic is derived from the Latin word oleum meaning oil. Oleic acid is the most common fatty acid in nature. Oleic acid salts and esters are called oleate.

Oleic acid is the most common unsaturated fatty acid in nature. Fatty acids (or their salts) are often absent in biological systems as such. Instead, fatty acids such as oleic acid exist as their esters, usually triglycerides, which are the fatty substances of many natural oils.

This substance is found in fats (triglycerides), membrane-forming phospholipids, cholesterol esters and wax esters. Oleic acid is the most common omega-9 fatty acid and the most common unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and is generally the second most abundant in human tissues after palmitic acid.

The role of oleic acid in oils

Oleic acid triglycerides make up the majority of olive oil. Oleic acid makes olive oil inedible. Also 59-75% pecan oil, 61% canola oil, 67-36% peanut oil, 60% macadamia oil, 20-80% sunflower oil, 15-20% grape seed oil, bucktho oil, 40% sesame oil, and 14% of poppy seed oil is also composed of oleic acid. This substance is present in many animal fats and it makes up 37-56% of chicken and turkey fat and 44-47% of pork contains oleic acid.

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Oleic Acid

Poly aluminum chloride is introduced in the consumer market with the industrial name of Poly Aluminum Chloride.

Other names of PAC include basic aluminum chloride, polybasic aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxychloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate.

This product, abbreviated as PAC, is a widely used coagulant; which is widely used instead of two old coagulants, aluminum sulfate and chloroauric and it causes flocculation, reduction of TDS of water, clarification, removal of turbidity and instability of colloids. In terms of appearance, the PAC has 2 types: solid and liquid, which is solid poly aluminum chloride in the form of powder or crystal.

According to its production grades, it is produced and marketed in two colors, from milky white to bright yellow. Liquid poly aluminum chloride is produced in light yellow to reddish yellow color and can be edible or industrial. The pack is produced with 3 types of purity: 9%, 18%, and 30%.

What is poly aluminum chloride?

Poly aluminum chloride is a polymeric and inorganic coagulant. Several applications of this technology have been developed over the past few years, including the treatment of drinking water, sewage, agricultural and industrial effluents, and wastewater.

This inorganic coagulant is very efficient in the world and forms stable compounds with many inorganic and organic substances.

This substance is used in the food, cosmetic, and leather industries, in the public sector, in drinking water purification and conditioning, in water purification processes for thermal power plants, regional power stations, steam boilers, and for swimming pool water purification mainly in the cold season.

During the separation and extraction of water impurities, this industrial material operates at high power and speed. China, Canada, America, Italy, France, and England are among the countries using poly aluminum chloride as a coagulant agent in their water purification systems.

Throughout Iran, this material replaces old coagulants (aluminum sulfate and chloroferric) in many industries.

Polyethylene granules are one of the most popular thermoplastic materials and the most widely used materials in many plastic product manufacturing industries today. Polyethylene is used in producing films, water, sewage pipes, plastic parts, and various sectors such as packaging, automobile manufacturing, electricity, etc. Linear Low Density Polyethylene is a type of light polyethylene, a semi-hard and semi-transparent polymer used in various industries and the production of multiple products due to its features and functional properties. From a chemical formula point of view, it’s known as LLDP 22B02.  In the following, you will get to know more about its features and specifications.

Characteristics of Linear Low Density Polyethylene

This type of transparent light polyethylene has features such as flexibility, chemical resistance, and waterproofing, which is an essential characteristic of LLDP 22B02.

Important features of LLDP 22B02

One of the most important characteristics of the LLDP 22B02 is the appropriate resistance to ultraviolet rays. Other features of this polymer include the following:

• The lightweight raw materials
• Tensile strength from 0.20 to 0.40 N/mm2
• flexibility
• transparency
• Low melting point
• Heavy impact resistance
• Resistance to chemicals and weathering
• Waterproof
• Recyclability
• Low cost to produce the product
• Electrical insulation

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Linear Low Density Polyethylene

Formic acid, ant essence or systematically methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid and has the chemical formula HCOOH. This substance is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and is produced naturally. The word “formic” is derived from the Latin word for ant, formica, which indicates the distillation of the ant’s body. The ester, salt and anion of formic acid is called formate. Industrially, formic acid is produced from methanol.

History of formic acid

Some alchemists and naturalists knew that anthills gave off acid fumes as early as the 15th century. The first person to describe the isolation of this substance (by distillation of large numbers of ants) was the English naturalist John Ray in 1671. Ants secrete formic acid for attack and defense purposes.

Formic acid was first made by the French chemist Joseph Guy Lussac from hydrocyanic acid. In 1855, another French chemist, Marcelin Bertrelot, produced formic acid by synthesizing carbon monoxide.

Formic acid has long been considered a chemical compound of little interest in the chemical industry. By the late 1960s, significant quantities became available as a byproduct of acetic acid production. Now this substance has increased as a preservative and antibacterial agent in animal feed.

What is formic acid?

Formic acid is named after ants that have a high concentration of the compound in their venom. In ants, formic acid is derived from serine via an intermediate. Formic acid‘s conjugate base, formate, also occurs widely in nature. The method for measuring formic acid in body fluids, which is designed to determine formate after methanol poisoning, is based on the reaction of formate with bacterial formamide dehydrogenase.

Formic acid is flammable at a concentration of 85%. Formic acid contains 53 grams per liter of hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which is three and a half times what compressed hydrogen gas can achieve at a pressure of 350 bar. Pure formic acid is a liquid whose flash point is +69°C, much higher than that of gasoline (-40°C) or ethanol (+13°C).

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Formic Acid